The Gram-Positive Bacteria 🦠 – Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Series 🧫

The Gram-Positive Bacteria | Microbiology and Infectious Diseases playlist | Medicosis. Staphylococci and Streptococci are …

The Gram-Positive Bacteria 🦠 – Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Series 🧫/a>

what’s going on wonderful people this is mitochosis perfectionist where medicine makes perfect sense in the previous two videos we started talking about microbiology video number one was an introduction video number two was the gram stain technique and the difference between the gram-positive bacteria and the gram-negative bacteria today let’s dig deeper into the land of the gram-positive bacteria gram is a stain named after the doofus who discovered it if a bacteria is gram positive it appears purple under the microscope when you use the gram stain and then we have two types you could be purple and spherical we will call you a caucus and the plural is kokkai or cocci or you could look like a rod and we will call you bacillus and the plural is bacilli one of those gram-positive caucai is staph aureus which can cause an abscess in your brain with that said now let’s get started please watch these videos in order and they are arranged in my microbiology playlist do you remember biology kingdom phylum class order family genus species when i write staph aureus like this staphylococcus is the genus aureus is the species be very careful it has to be written in italics if you want it to be a bacteria or a fungus so if i write something like this hemophilus influenzae that’s a bacteria because it’s in italics but if i write like this no italics this is referring to influenza virus this is a bacteria but that’s the virus big difference so i took a sample from the patient the sample has bacteria and then i put it under a microscope after staining my sample with a gram stain if it appears pink it’s gram negative if you are positive you could be cockey or rods if you’re negative you could be cocci or rods okay suppose that the bacteria is gram positive it could be cockey or rods slash bacilli i am a caucus well are you catalase positive or catalase negative what does that mean do you possess this enzyme do you have it oh i have this enzyme then you are catalase positive no i do not have this enzyme then you are catalase negative staphylococci are catalase positive but streptococci are catalase negative what the flip is a catalase a catalase and an a so it’s an enzyme that catalyzes catalyzes what the conversion of h2o2 into two things h2o and o2 of course i will have to balance the equation but you get the point this is hydrogen peroxide very toxic but this is water and oxygen not toxic okay mitochosis i am gram positive i’m a caucus i’m catalase positive and then i can divide you into two groups the ones that are coagulas positive and the ones that are coagulase negative how do you divide streptococci based on whether they are alpha hemolytic beta-hemolytic or gamma hemolytic more on that later how about the rods or the bacilli well you ask yourself are they sport forming or non-sport forming let’s start with those who do not form spores they could be aerobic i need oxygen or n aerobic no air i can live without oxygen i don’t need you moreover the aerobic could be subdivided into motile and non-motile hey miraculosa i wanted to ask you a question is steph aureus motile no we’re done with these doofuses let’s talk about the spore for ming gram-positive bacilli let’s go again aerobic or anaerobic the aerobic motile or non-motile the anaerobic motile or non-motile of course all of these bacteria will be discussed in subsequent videos but if you want quick review right now go to my playlist titled medicosis picmonic and you will find them in a very quick review the detailed discussion will be found in this playlist called microbiology and now on to today’s topic the gram positive bacteria i could be gram positive cocky or gram positive bacilli let’s talk about the i based on whether you have catalase or not i can divide you into catalase positive staff catalase negative strapped and they’re friends every single stinking bacteria in this slide is number one gram positive oh that makes sense which means it appears purple when you stain it with graham next they are spherical they are cocky oh that makes sense and third they lack endospores what the flip is an endospore we’ll talk about that in today’s video just hold your horses okay midakosis i am a kai i’m a gram-positive cocky and i’m catalase positive then you gotta ask yourself are you coagulus positive or calculates negative oh i’m quite grace positive there’s a staph aureus i am coagulase negative this is staph that’s not aureus example could be staph epidermidis or step saprophyticus and this distinction is based on what whether you are novo bios insensitive or resistant what is novobiosin it’s a medication it’s an antibiotic oh it is supposed to kill the bacteria yes if it kills the bacteria it was epidermis if it did not kill the bacteria i.e the bacteria is resistant to this antibiotic then we’re talking about staph saprophyticus hemorrhages why do we call them staph in the first place because they are clustered like grapes oh this is what stuff means that’s true and what does aureus mean it means golden because their colonies appear yellow or orange why is that miracoses because they have carotenoid pigments this is why the carrot is yellow orange okay miracles forget those staff that are clustered like grapes tell me about this trip okay they are like strips what do you mean they are arranged like this in cords or chains oh i get it all right and then you put them on a dish and see their hemolytic activity i could cause partial hemolysis to the agar or complete hemolysis or no hemolysis therefore you are either alpha-hemolytic partial hemolysis beta-hemolytic full or complete hemolysis or gamma hemolytic no hemolysis if you’re alpha-hemolytic it’s one of two main possibilities i’m not giving you every example i’m giving you the most important and clinically relevant example okay this distinction is based on what are you sensitive to up token or are you resistant to up token up token is another antibiotic like novobiosin if it kills you strep pneumo if it cannot strep very dance this is the old name today they call them the very dance group streptococci or simply the virudence group of bacteria so stripped verdanz is the old name next i am strapped which means what i’m gram-positive caucus arranged in chains and i cause full hemolysis thank you based on your sensitivity or lack of it to basic tracing we can divide you into group a i am sensitive or group b group b kiss my butt basic tracin where do you live group b i live near the buttocks or the pelvic area of a pregnant lady and if the doctor is a doofus and did not catch me and treat me i can ruin the baby’s life because they can cause neonatal sepsis neonatal meningitis neonatal pneumonia you better be careful of group b strapped for the next generation to be or not to be depends on whether the doctor is a buffoon or competent okay medical says what if i am sensitive to basitracin this is group a strept it’s also known as group a beta hemolytic streptococci what’s the name of their species pyogenes so streptococcus pyogenes why do you call it piyo pus why gene because cause genesis of pus oh so it’s gonna cause uh pus diseases yeah on the skin yeah like sepsis cellulitis necrotizing fasciitis impetigo etc you bet or i could be gamma hemolytic which means no hemolysis okay now can you grow in salt solution yeah i can grow there enterococcus no it cannot grow the salt is so salty for me it’s going to kill me strep bovis now if you do not bring a blank piece of paper and draw everything here in detail in your own handwriting without looking there is no hope for you and do it twice again what’s common among every caucus in this freaking slide number one all of them are gram positive number two all of them are spherical or cocky number three they cannot make endospores thank you quiz time can you differentiate between staff and strep without a microscope without any stains without cultures and just by using one drop of a solution do you know the answer pause and try to think about it yeah i can do that i add a drop of any solution that has catalase in it good job catalyst is gonna do what it’s gonna catalyze the following reaction the conversion of hydrogen peroxide the harmful into water and oxygen harmless oxygen can do what can make bubbles oh so if i see bubbles it was staff no bubbles it was trapped why because staff is catalase positive it is bubbly but strapped cannot do this no bubbles easy peasy hey miracoses is h2o2 good or bad well there are no solutions in life there are only trade-offs as dr thomas seoul said so when it comes to the bacteria h2o2 is good for you because it kills the ugly bacteria that’s trying to kill you oh i get it so hydrogen peroxide is made by your body from what from oxygen so you start with oxygen what do i get like remember your mitochondria yeah you breathe oxygen in oh okay that’s fine and then you convert it into superoxide and then into hydrogen peroxide all of these are called the reactive oxygen species or free radicals which is not a political movement after hydrogen peroxide you make hydroxyl free radicals and then it depends if you’re talking about protecting your own body just convert them back to water but if you’re talking about destroying the bacteria then you can destroy it with h2o2 or you can make it worse for your enemy convert this hydrogen peroxide into hocl hypochlorite which is basically bleach and throw that bleach in the face of the bacteria and destroy it but some bacteria are sneaky because some bacteria have what have catalase enzyme oh they will take your poison the harmful hydrogen peroxide and convert it to something that’s not gonna hurt the bacteria when you throw it in their faces oh i wow that’s the catalase yeah it converted the harmful h2o2 into harmless water and oxygen and some bubbly action this is the purpose of catalase this is how your bacteria evade your defense mechanisms all right medicals i remember you told me that all the bacteria that you enumerated in that stinking slide did not make endospores right yeah but can you tell me what are the endospores sure spore means what a sphere like this oh a shell all right and where’s the bacteria inside the cell endo oh the bacteria has encircled itself in a bubble in a strong shell to protect herself from unfavorable environmental circumstances such as food scarcity notice i said food scarcity not food shortage because shortage is a price phenomenon but that’s a story in economics for another time back to microbiology can every bacteria make endospores shut up only some gram-positive bacteria makes pores some of the time when the environment is unfavorable when the conditions are dorky but don’t ever forget gram-negative bacteria do not make spores never ever and this is a famous question on your exam however gram-positive bacteria some of them make spores some of them do not make spores let’s talk about the ones that make spores all right i only make them when the environment is not good when i have problems like food scarcity when something is about to harm me and when this bad thing happens i will defend myself i will convert myself from a vegetative state capable of dividing into a dormant state protected within a shell and this shell is called the spore tell me about your shell my shell is dehydrated okay my shell is multi-shelled it’s not one layer it’s jazillion layers my shell is protective and this lovely spore is made of what calcium bound to dipiclonic acid hey miracles uh what’s the difference between me boiling my soup at 100 degrees celsius and the microbiology lab boiling at a higher degree known as the autoclave is this better sure because your boiling is awesome but it cannot kill everything it cannot kill some spores however the autoclave can kill more spores than you oh i get it so the spore is really protective even after boiling your food oh i’m cooking it i’m destroying all the bacteria shut up you’re destroying many bacteria but not all of them be very careful here is a very important concept remember that staph is coagulas positive but strapped especially strep pyogenes is coagulase negative why is this important coagulase what’s that it’s an enzyme that coagulates oh it makes fibrin fibers that’s true so it converts fibrinogen which is not active it’s a zymogen it causes genesis of fibrin oh but when it’s fibrosis is not active yet once you convert it to fibrin this is the active form of the protein and what’s fibrin some fibrous fibers and what do they do they protect the staph aureus oh it’s like a small shell yeah but this shell did not belong to the bacteria this was your fibrin this was your fibrinogen the bacteria took your fibrosis converted to fibrin and now the bacteria is hiding from your immune system and that’s why the infections caused by staph are usually localized oh because they are hiding inside the fibrin shell so we’re talking folliculitis teeny tiny and well localized abscess slightly bigger but still will localize make it a little bigger for your uncle make it a little bigger on the back of my neck or on my back carbuncle but look at streptococcus it does not have a coagulase it cannot hide within some lovely vibrant focus that’s why skin infections caused by strept are more widespread more diffuse we’re talking sepsis cellulitis necrotizing facialities is this localized no look at the abscess oh that’s a small thing but look at freaking cellulitis my goodness gracious necrotizing fasciitis is even worse if this escapes and goes to the blood sep says or septic shock streptococcus can also cause erysipelas which can confuse you with cellulitis but notice there is a big difference between erysipelas and cellulitis erecipulus has very look at this look at the word clear demarcations you see you see those clear demarcations and the legion is elevated off the surface of the skin cellulitis does not have clear demarcations and it’s not as elevated as erysipelas the light is more flat aerospace is more elevated and well demarcated so if staph aureus caused an abscess can the surgeon remove it via incision and drainage yeah just remove this teeny tiny spot okay but can i remove a teeny tiny spot if you have cellulitis oh heck no because colitis is not a teeny tiny spot it’s a very wide area and if this is so bad you will not need incision and drainage you will need skin grafting this is serious how about impetigo medicos impetigo is in the middle because it can be caused by staff or by strapped and why did you draw it in this orangey brownish color because the description of impetigo is brown crusty lesions on the skin see medicine makes so much sense once you understand what the flip you’re talking about try to make it clinically relevant instead of just memorizing your textbook like a freaking donkey but i don’t blame you it’s your professor’s fault pause and review and draw from scratch practice makes perfect repetition is the mother of pedagogy medicosis please help me i have a collection of pus known as abscess oh i have good news of bad news what’s the good news the abscess is confined to one area thanks to the coagulase of staff alright therefore we can remove it easily this called incision and drainage all right what’s the bad news then if this abscess is in your brain it’s also confined to a singular area it can press on one structure but we’re talking about the brain here if this presses on an area in your brainstem my goodness gracious as dr thomas seoul said there are no solutions in life only trade-offs let me tell you about exerting pressure in your brain do you remember physics yeah pressure equaled force over area oh this feels like eternity now do you have a car uh no miracles i do not all right go to your uncle who has a car okay and then you’ll do two things metaphorically do not try this in real life in the first scenario you will try to just clean the wind just clean the windshield and wipe it clean all right in the second do not do this punch the windshield in the face oh what’s gonna happen it’s gonna break why didn’t it break here but it broke here even though you were applying pressure you’re applying force in the first scenario and in the second scenario what’s the difference two differences number one when you punch it only a couple of knuckles hit the glass therefore the surface area is less which means the pressure is higher the pressure is confined onto a smaller surface area giving you more destruction but there is another reason and this is the angle when you were wiping the windshield you are massaging it what’s the angle between your hand and the horizontal axis no angle it’s zero yes and what is sine zero zero when you multiply zero by something what do you get zero therefore you will not break the glass while wiping it don’t worry but if you punch the windshield head on what’s the angle now between your hand force and the horizontal axis it’s 90 degree medical says what is sine 90 please one oh you will have the entire weight of your force on that spot of the glass and you can break it this way but hey miracles the difference between zero and one is not that huge oh shut up just go talk to any software engineer hashtag learn to code now we will replace your fist which was confined on a smaller area with an abscess an abscess is also confined to one specific area in the brain when the surface area is low the pressure is high i can press on a structure in your brain and this is called the mass effect two things will happen remember that your skull is like a box that is 100 percent packed and stacked and full there is not an empty inch in your skull everything is packed to the fullest therefore any abscess that’s gonna emerge that was not there before is gonna do what is gonna increase the pressure in your brain and this is called increased intracranial pressure aka intracranial hypertension can i get vomiting yeah it’s gonna be projectile vomiting too much pressure can i get headache yeah usually frontal headache that’s worse in the morning it gets worse when you lean forwards don’t forget that your eye is part of your brain and your cranial nerve is not a peripheral nerve it’s actually part of the brain that’s why multiple sclerosis is demyelination of the central nervous system also it affects the optic nerve because the optic nerve is part of the brain the eye is part of the brain because during embryology literally your eye bulges forwards out of the brain tissue your eye belongs to the brain and therefore if you have intracranial hypertension you know what else is going to happen the pressure in your eye will increase we call this papilloedema see how this mass effect is destructive and it can cause focal neurological symptoms you could have some motor deficits such as paresis which is weakness or paralysis which is just you cannot move not weak i just can’t move sensory it could be paresthesia pins and needles tingling numbness etc or it could be no sensation anesthesia speech difficulty slurred speech vestibular problems i am dizzy i have vertigo visual problems i see double see what happens when you integrate knowledge unlike your woke professor with his powerpoint because medicine makes so much sense once you understand what the flip you’re talking about in the next video we’ll talk about steph aureus and the story of the chef who puts his fingers in his nose staph aureus is gram positive catalase positive coagulates positive since it is staff it is clustered like grapes since his gram positivity appears purple it can cause all kinds of infections but take streptococci like strep pyogenes for example gram positive true i true catalase negative no bubbles coagulase negative i cannot confine myself in an abscess therefore i will spread sepsis cellulitis necrotizing facialities and don’t forget ery syphilis let me prepare you for our discussion on steph aureus by looking at this lovely picmonic you can go to picmonic.com vip hookup slash medicosis to see this in an animated video all right steph aureus here is a staff of oreos is a gram positive here is an angel caucus spherical catalase positive here is the positive cat catalase converts h2o2 into h2o and oxygen oxygen is bubbly coagulase positive staph aureus is beta hemolytic staph aureus secretes something called protein a so remember staph protein a it’s very virulent why melicosis it inhibits your immune system it inhibits your phagocytes what you have seen is just one slide from picmonic staph aureus but if you go right now they have all kinds of bacteria picmonic is the best thing that happened to microbiology since louis pasteur go to picmonic.com vip hookup slash medicosis and they will hook you up please pause and review and draw from scratch you’re watching my microbiology playlist if you want an antibiotic series of lectures i have 40 videos on my website medicosisperfixnet.com this course comes with 40 videos the notes in pdfs 70 questions with answers of course 35 cases and my perfect snares ultimate notebook plus a mind map to help you memorize please print my pun and use it while watching the videos i will see you in the next video when we talk about staff in the meantime please subscribe hit the bell and click on the join button you can support me here or here go to picmonic for animated medical mnemonics go to my website to download my premium courses like my antibiotics course be safe stay happy study hard this is medicos’s perfect snails where medicine makes perfect sense

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